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डॉ. आशीष कुमार चाचोंदिया साराशं यह लेख शिवलिंग  के प्रतीकात्मक अर्थ को व्याख्यायित करता है और इसके साथ विशेष रूप से गुप्तकालीन मुखलिंग की प्रतिमा विज्ञान परंपरा को भी प्रस्तुत करता है । वस्तुतः लिंग को केवल किसी एक अर्थ में सीमित करना न तो लिखित साक्ष्यों के अनुकूल है और न ही प्राचीन प्रतिमाओं की रूप-रचना के। शैव दर्शन में स्तंभ, ज्योति, बिंदु और सृष्टि-शक्ति के रूपक लिंग को, चेतना तथा विश्व-व्यापी सत्ता के संकेत के रूप में रखा जाता है; लेकिन मुखलिंग के सन्दर्भ में अर्थ कुछ भिन्न प्रकट होते हैं । वस्तुतः मुखलिंग लिंग रूप के अमूर्त संकेत को साकार देव-उपस्थिति से जोड़ता है। उचाहरा, खोह, भूमरा और राजघाट की प्रतिमाओं के तुलनात्मक अध्ययन से स्पष्ट होता है कि शिल्प में समाधि, राजस गरिमा और नियंत्रित अलंकरण के माध्यम से शिव की आंतरिक शक्ति को दृश्य बनाया गया है। भीटा और गुडीमल्लम् के उदाहरण इसके संदर्भ, आकृति, पाठ और पूजा-व्यवहार को साथ पढ़ने की आवश्यकता को भी दिखाते हैं। शब्‍द कुंजी: शिवलिंग, मुखलिंग, शैव प्रतिमाविज्ञान, समाधि, प्रतीकवाद

Dr. Diksha Dixit ABSTRACT Sustainable agriculture has emerged as a critical concern in India due to increasing pressure on natural resources, climate variability, and socio-economic challenges faced by farmers. Madhya Pradesh, one of India’s leading agricultural states, presents a significant case for examining sustainability due to its extensive cultivated area, expanding irrigation network, and policy-driven agricultural growth. This paper aims to assess agricultural sustainability in Madhya Pradesh through a policy-oriented analysis using secondary data. The study critically examines major agricultural and environmental policies influencing sustainability, including the Minimum Support Price (MSP) regime, Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY), Soil Health Card Scheme, and state-level initiatives promoting natural and climate-resilient farming. Secondary data have been sourced from government publications, state economic surveys, agricultural census reports, and groundwater assessment studies. Key sustainability issues such as groundwater depletion, soil degradation, cropping pattern imbalance, and climate stress are analyzed in relation to policy interventions. The findings reveal that while policy measures have contributed to increased agricultural productivity and irrigation expansion, sustainability concerns remain inadequately addressed. Excessive dependence on water-intensive crops, uneven regional development, and weak implementation mechanisms limit the effectiveness of existing policies. The paper highlights critical gaps between policy intent and ground-level outcomes, particularly in managing natural resources and promoting environmentally sustainable practices.The study concludes by emphasizing the need for region-specific, resource-sensitive policy frameworks that integrate environmental sustainability with agricultural development. The findings contribute to policy discourse by providing a geographically grounded assessment of agricultural sustainability in Madhya Pradesh and offer insights relevant for other agrarian states facing similar challenges.Keywords: Agriculture, Government policies, Sustainable, Climate, MSP.

Akash Bhushan Dubey ABSTRACT This paper presents a historiographic synthesis of the evolution of temple architecture in Madhya Pradesh, tracing a continuous line of development from the earliest known structural shrine in the region , the apsidal Vāsudeva shrine at Besnagar, dated to the third–second century BCE (Bhandarkar, 1914-1915) , through the emergence of the Nāgara prototype under the Guptas, its stylistic elaboration under the Gurjara-Pratīhāras, and its culmination in the monumental Paramara-period temples at Udaipur and Bhojpur. While the individual segments of this trajectory have each received substantial scholarly attention (Brown, 1942; Kramrisch, 1946; Deva, 1969; Meister, 1983; Hardy, 2007), no existing publication draws them into a single continuous evolutionary account. Using a qualitative historiographic method based entirely on published excavation reports, epigraphic studies, and art-historical scholarship , without new fieldwork or measurement , this paper reconstructs that continuous arc and argues that it displays both marked continuity in core spatial vocabulary (the single-cell garbhagṛha, the maṇḍala-derived square plan) and marked rupture in material, scale, and superstructure form. The paper further argues that this trajectory of increasing ambition culminates, at the unfinished Bhojeshwar Temple, in a documented case where design intention outpaced constructional completion , a finding that motivates, but does not itself resolve, the fieldwork-based measurement study of the Paramara corpus that this paper is intended to contextualise. Keywords: Nāgara architecture; Madhya Pradesh; Besnagar; Gupta temples; Gurjara-Pratīhāra architecture; Paramara temples; historiography; temple evolution.

 Ashish Joshi, Kapil Chahal, Damini Singh ABSTRACT Ruthenium-catalyzed C-H activation has emerged as a powerful tool in modern organic synthesis, offering unique opportunities for selective bond formation. Ruthenium complexes, renowned for their stability and functional group tolerance, enable the activation of inert C-H bonds under mild conditions. This approach has been extensively utilized for the construction of C-C, C-N, C-O, and C-S bonds through processes like olefination, alkylation, arylation, and annulation. Notably, ruthenium catalysis facilitates directed group-assisted transformations, providing site-selective functionalization of aromatic and aliphatic substrates. Mechanistic investigations have unveiled the prevalence of concerted metalation-deprotonation (CMD) pathways and oxidative addition, influenced by substrate and reaction conditions. Recent strides in the field include the development of sustainable and atom-economic strategies utilizing O2 or air as terminal oxidants, as well as the incorporation of asymmetric catalysis for enantioselective transformations. Keywords: C-H bond activation, C-H functionalization, Annulations.

Shraddha Malviya ,Varsha Patel ABSTRACT Gender-based violence (GBV) is a critical global human rights and health crisis, requiring a shift from reactive measures to proactive, multi-sectoral intervention strategies. This systematic review synthesizes recent evidence on protection frameworks regarding women’s rights, utilizing a PRISMA-informed selection of 21 core studies from an initial identification of 385 unique records. The findings are categorized into structural policies, technological advancements, and socio-cultural barriers. Structural and policy-level protections are shown to significantly influence the prevalence and reporting of violence. For instance, the presence of female politicians in office correlates positively with increased GBV reporting, suggesting an empowerment effect, while alcohol prohibition serves as a behavioral regulation that improves societal attitudes toward spousal violence. Community-based interventions, such as couple counseling and the integration of women’s local knowledge into environmental management, act as protective factors that enhance social agency. Despite these frameworks, the sources highlight significant systemic barriers often termed “bureaucratic violence.” Institutional neglect is evident where sexual violence against community health workers remains “hidden in plain sight,” and legal systems are used for repression, such as the use of strategic defamation lawsuits to silence the #MeToo movement in India. Marginalized groups, including terminally ill migrants and women with disabilities, face insurmountable financial and legal barriers to safety. The psychological impact of such violence is profound, with high prevalence rates of perinatal depression and suicide ideation linked to intimate partner violence (IPV). This systematic review synthesizes recent evidence on intervention and protection frameworks regarding women’s rights and gender-based violence (GBV). Utilizing a PRISMA-informed selection of 21 core studies, the review categorizes findings into structural policies, technological advancements, and socio-cultural barriers. The evidence highlights that while legal and technological tools provide critical infrastructure for safety, their efficacy is often attenuated by “bureaucratic violence” and entrenched patriarchal norms. Keywords: Gender-Based Violence (GBV); Women’s Rights; Intervention Strategies; Intimate Partner Violence (IPV); Intersectionality; Public Policy; Safety Technologies.